Europe
17 topics
United Kingdom General Election of 1945
On July 5, weeks after VE Day, Britain voted, counting delayed to allow service ballots, and on July 26 Labour's 393 seats against...
United Kingdom General Election of 1979
After the winter of discontent's strikes paralyzed Britain, Thatcher's campaign pledge to restrain union power and the Conservativ...
Scottish Devolution Referendum of 1997
Blair's new Labour government fulfilled its manifesto by asking Scotland, which had rejected a 1979 assembly, whether it wanted a ...
Brexit Referendum of 2016
On June 23, 2016, on a 72.2 percent turnout, 17.4 million Britons voted Leave against 16.1 million Remain, a 3.8-point margin that...
French Presidential Election of 1981
The May 1981 runoff's night of the first-time left gave France its first socialist president of the Fifth Republic, Francois Mitte...
German Federal Election of November 1932
Germany's last free election before the Nazi era, November 6, 1932, saw Hitler's NSDAP decline from July's 37.3 percent to 33.1 pe...
Italian General Election of 1948
The April 18, 1948 election, with Marshall Plan stakes and Soviet-backed communism on the ballot, became the Cold War's first grea...
Spanish General Election of 1982
The October 1982 election delivered the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party of Felipe Gonzalez 46.6 percent and 202 of 350 seats, the...
Polish Legislative Election of 1989
Under the round table agreement of April 1989, June's semi-free election reserved 65 percent of Sejm seats for the party while the...
Russian Presidential Election of 1996
Boris Yeltsin, polling in single digits in January, engineered a comeback through Western-backed loans-for-shares oligarch financi...
Ukrainian Presidential Election of 2004
The November 21 runoff between Viktor Yushchenko, poisoned by dioxin during the campaign, and prime minister Viktor Yanukovych was...
German Federal Election of 2005
The September 18 election, called a year early after Schroeder lost a state, ended in virtual deadlock: Merkel's CDU/CSU took 35.2...
United Kingdom General Election of 1997
On May 1, 1997, Labour under Tony Blair, rebranded as New Labour and committed to keeping Conservative spending plans, won 418 of ...
Scottish Independence Referendum of 2014
Held on September 18, 2014 under the Edinburgh Agreement between the Scottish and UK governments, the referendum asked whether Sco...
Good Friday Agreement Referendums of 1998
On May 22, 1998, the first all-island vote since 1918 asked voters in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland to endorse the ...
French Presidential Election of 2002
With sixteen candidates fragmenting the vote in the first round on April 21, 2002, incumbent Jacques Chirac led with 19.9 percent,...
German Federal Election of 1949
Held on August 14, 1949, months after the Basic Law took effect in the western occupation zones, the first Bundestag election gave...